SANDRA MODEL SET 48 FREE
Because of this, lower fertility – fewer children per woman – can free up women’s time and contribute to an increase in female labor force participation.Ī number of studies have established causal evidence of this by considering exogenous changes in family size and their impact on labor market outcomes. On average, mothers around the world continue to spend more time on childcare than fathers. While at the opposite end of the spectrum, in countries such as India, women work 10 times more than men on these activities.Ī report from the OECD shows a breakdown of time spent on unpaid care work by gender and region. At the low end of the spectrum, in Uganda women work 18% more than men in unpaid care activities at home. Yet there are clear differences when it comes to the magnitude of these gender gaps. Gender differences in time devoted to unpaid care work cut across societies: All over the world, women spend more time than men on these activities. And you can click on the ‘Map’ tab to get a cross-country overview. You can add countries using the button labeled ‘ The chart shows the female-to-male ratio of time devoted to unpaid services provided within the household, including care of persons, housework and voluntary community work. In the next chart we show just how skewed the gender distribution of unpaid care work in the household is. Unpaid care work at home is an important activity in which women tend to spend a significant amount of time – and, as we discuss below, it is an activity that is typically unaccounted for in labor supply statistics. countries in the bottom left, where both male and female employment in services is low), the pattern is reversed, and men tend to work more often in services than women. The pattern for services is also interesting because it shows some important regional differences: In many low-income countries where the service sector is small in relative terms (i.e.
And women tend to work more often than men in services. This can be seen in the charts for industry, services and agriculture.Īll over the world men are more likely to work in industry than women (most countries lie below the diagonal line).
That is, the sectoral composition of female employment, rather than the gender composition of sectoral employment. As we point out above, this allows us to explore ‘occupational segregation’.Īnother way to explore segregation patterns is to cut the data the other way around, and look at the distribution of female employment across sectors. The chart above shows the gender distribution of sectoral employment.